home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- <text id=89TT2317>
- <title>
- Sep. 04, 1989: Has History Come To An End?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Sep. 04, 1989 Rock Rolls On:Rolling Stones
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- IDEAS, Page 57
- Has History Come to an End?
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A provocative case: democracy has outlived Communism
- </p>
- <p>By John Elson
- </p>
- <p> The final days of the '80s, to many commentators, represent a
- kind of farewell to arms. The cold war appears all but over;
- peace seems to be breaking out in many parts of the world. Even
- Moscow, the international capital of Marxism, has openly
- succumbed to the lures of creeping capitalism. To Francis
- Fukuyama, 36, deputy director of the State Department's
- policy-planning staff, all these events point to something of
- far broader significance than the reform policies of Mikhail
- Gorbachev. "What we may be witnessing," he writes, "is not just
- the end of the cold war, or the passing of a particular period
- of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is,
- the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the
- universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form
- of human government."
- </p>
- <p> Fukuyama's provocative thesis, spelled out in the summer
- issue of the National Interest, has stirred up a heated debate
- in neoconservative circles both in the U.S. and abroad. Around
- Harvard Square in Cambridge, reports Owen Harries, co-editor of
- the quarterly, the issue is sold out and copies have even been
- filched from subscribers' desks. Anthony Hartley, editor of
- Britain's prestigious monthly Encounter, adds his voice to the
- debate in the September issue. Translations of Fukuyama's
- article, titled "The End of History?," will soon appear in
- Japanese, Italian and Dutch journals. The French quarterly
- Commentaire will also publish a translation, along with
- critiques by leading intellectuals such as Jean-Francois Revel.
- The National Interest, which accompanied Fukuyama's article
- with responses by such pundits as Allan Bloom (The Closing of
- the American Mind) and New York's Democratic Senator Daniel
- Patrick Moynihan, will print two more lengthy reactions in its
- autumn issue.
- </p>
- <p> The best-known propagator of the theory that history has an
- "end," meaning its fulfillment in an ideal political system, was
- Karl Marx. He believed the contradictions of all previous
- societies would be resolved by the emergence of a Communist
- utopia. Marx borrowed his concept from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
- Hegel, who argued that history would culminate, as Fukuyama
- puts it, at a moment "in which a final, rational form of society
- and state became victorious."
- </p>
- <p> For Hegel, history "ended," in this sense, with Napoleon's
- triumph over the Prussian forces at Jena in 1806. That battle,
- to Hegel, marked the vindication by arms of the libertarian and
- egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution. True, Napoleon was
- eventually defeated and authoritarian monarchy restored. But
- Fukuyama approvingly cites the argument of a little-known
- French-Russian philosopher, Alexandre Kojeve, that Hegel was
- essentially correct. The reason: it was at Jena that the
- "vanguard" of humanity implemented the French Revolution's
- goals.
- </p>
- <p> Fukuyama, who considers Hegel an unjustly neglected thinker,
- argues that those ideals, as embodied in liberal democracy, have
- outlasted two principal 20th century competitors for the hearts
- and minds of Western men. "Fascism was destroyed as a living
- ideology by World War II," Fukuyama writes. As for
- Marxism-Leninism, he notes that "while there may be some
- isolated true believers left in places like Managua, Pyongyang
- or Cambridge," no large state that espouses it as an ideology
- even pretends to be in the vanguard of history. Witness, as
- evidence, the glasnost-inspired admissions of economic failure
- and bureaucratic bungling that emanate almost daily from
- Gorbachev's Moscow.
- </p>
- <p> Fukuyama has no illusions that the end of history represents
- the beginning of secular paradise. In fact, he sees it as a "sad
- time," when ideological struggles that called for "daring,
- courage, imagination" will be replaced by the "endless solving
- of technical problems." He worries about the cultural banality
- that pervades liberal societies obsessed with consumerism, and
- notes that nationalism and religious fundamentalism continue to
- appeal to many Third World peoples. While it is impossible to
- rule out the emergence of new ideologies, or indeed of entirely
- new political systems, Fukuyama argues that for the foreseeable
- future it will become ever more widely perceived that liberal
- democracy is the most equitable form of government that man has
- ever devised. Thus the ideal state should be "liberal insofar
- as it recognizes and protects through a system of law man's
- universal right to freedom, and democratic insofar as it exists
- only with the consent of the governed."
- </p>
- <p> Irving Kristol, founding publisher of the National Interest,
- says Fukuyama's article serves to "welcome G.W.F. Hegel to
- Washington." To Harries, the piece "de-parochializes the debate
- over Gorbachev's policy and removes it from a cold war context."
- But Fukuyama also has plenty of critics. In general,
- conservatives, like historian Gertrude Himmelfarb, argue that
- he is excessively optimistic in predicting that Marxism's demise
- as an ideology means that the era of superpower conflict is
- over. Liberals like Leon Wieseltier of the New Republic charge
- that he is too complacent in proclaiming the triumph of
- democracies that have done too little to resolve such social
- contradictions as poverty and racism.
- </p>
- <p> Fukuyama, a Sovietologist with a Harvard Ph.D. who
- previously worked for the Rand Corp., is pondering the
- criticism and will respond in the winter issue of the National
- Interest. And if he can take time from readying position papers
- for his new bosses at State, he hopes to explore his thesis at
- greater length. Unlike history as he sees it, the debate sparked
- by Fukuyama may be just beginning.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-